Xa kuthelekiswa nokutya kwezilwanyana, imibala yazo zonke iintlobo zemifuno neziqhamo inokuba nemibala kwaye ibe mihle. Umbala oluhlaza oqaqambileyo we-broccoli, umbala omfusa we-eggplant, umbala ophuzi we-carrots, kunye nombala obomvu wepelepele - kutheni le mifuno ihluke? Yintoni emisela le mibala?

I-Phytochromes yindibaniselwano yeentlobo ezimbini zeemolekyuli ze-pigment: i-pigment ye-cytosolic enyibilikayo emanzini kunye ne-lipid-soluble chloroplast pigments. Imizekelo yangaphambili iquka i-anthocyanins, i-flavonoids enika umbala kwiintyatyambo; kuba yokugqibela, carotenoids, luteins kunye chlorophylls zixhaphakile. Imibala enyibilikayo emanzini iyanyibilika kwi-ethanol kunye namanzi aqhelekileyo kodwa ayinyibiliki kwezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana ne-ether kunye ne-chloroform. Ii-pigments ezinyibilikayo ngamafutha kunzima ngakumbi ukunyibilika kwi-methanol, kodwa zinyibilika ngokulula kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-ethanol kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi eziphilayo. Xa ibonakaliswe kwi-reagent ye-acetate ye-lead, i-pigments e-soluble yamanzi iya kunyuka kwaye ingabhengezwa ngekhabhoni esebenzayo; imibala iya kutshintsha kwakhona ngokuxhomekeke kwi-pH.

1.Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll ifumaneka ngokubanzi kumagqabi, iziqhamo kunye ne-algae yezityalo eziphezulu, kwaye iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yezityalo ze-chloroplasts, ekhoyo ngokudibanisa neeprotheni kwizinto eziphilayo.

I-Chlorophyll i-tonic yegazi, ikhuthaza i-hematopoiesis, isebenze iiseli, i-antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, njl. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba i-chlorophyll inefuthe lokuvimbela ukuveliswa kweeseli ze-ai.

Ukutya okuqukethe i-chlorophyll kubandakanya: i-kale, i-alfalfa sprouts, i-lettuce, isipinashi, i-broccoli, i-lettuce, njl.

I-Chlorophyll ilawula umbala oluhlaza, iqela eliqhelekileyo lemibala efumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo. Abanye banokuzibuza, kuthekani ngeminqathe? Kuthekani ngezi zithako ezinenkangeleko nombala wazo ongahambelaniyo nohlaza kwaphela? Enyanisweni, i-carrots nayo iqulethe i-chlorophyll, engekho phantsi, kodwa "eluhlaza" ihlanganiswe "yi-yellow kunye ne-orange".

2.Carotenoid

I-Carotenoids ligama eliqhelekileyo kwii-isomers ezahlukeneyo ze-carotenoids kunye nezinto eziphuma kuzo ezifumaneka kwizityalo. Liqela lezinto ezinemibala efumaneka ngokubanzi kwindalo, kwaye yaqala ukufunyanwa kwiminqathe, kungoko igama elithi carotenoids.

Uphononongo lubonise ukuba ukuthathwa okuphezulu kwe-carotenoids yabantu kunokunciphisa isifo se-prostate esinxulumene neminyaka kunye ne-retinal macular degeneration. Ke ngoko, i-carotenoids yendalo yamkelwe nguMphathiswa wezeMpilo ukuba isetyenziswe njengokutya kwezempilo okuchasene nemitha. Iicarotenoids ezahlukeneyo zineemolekyuli ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ngaphezu kwama-600 ecarotenoid afunyenwe.

Ukutya okuqukethe i-carotenoids: izaqathe, ithanga, utamatisi, i-citrus, ingqolowa, njl.

3.Flavonoid

I-Flavonoid pigments, ekwaziwa ngokuba zii-anthocyanins, nazo zikwayi-pigments enyibilikayo emanzini. Ukususela kwisakhiwo sekhemikhali, yinto e-soluble phenolic yamanzi. Ifumaneka ngokubanzi kubukumkani bezityalo, kubandakanywa izinto ezahlukeneyo, kwaye amawaka eentlobo afunyenwe. I-Flavonoids ayifane ifumaneke kwindalo njenge-monomers. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-flavonoids zikhona kwizityalo zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo, imiyalelo, i-genus, kunye neentlobo; kwizitho ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ezifana nexolo, ingcambu, kunye nentyatyambo, kukho i-flavonoids eyahlukeneyo. Phantse iintlobo ze-400 ezifunyenweyo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezingenambala, ezikhanyayo ezityheli okanye eziorenji ezikhanyayo, kwaye umbala wazo uchaphazeleka kakhulu yi-pH.

Njengombala wokutya wendalo, i-anthoxanthin ikhuselekile, ayinayo ityhefu, ityebile kwimithombo, kwaye ineziphumo ezithile zezondlo kunye nezamayeza. Inokusetyenziswa kakhulu ekutyeni, kwizinto zokuthambisa, nakumayeza.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani elikhulu leziphumo zophando ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zibonise ukuba i-flavonoids ine-anti-oxidation, ukupheliswa kwee-radicals zamahhala, umsebenzi we-anti-lipid peroxidation, ukuthintela izifo zentliziyo, i-antibacterial, i-antiviral, kunye ne-antiallergic effects. Imifuno, iziqhamo kunye neenkozo kwizityalo zityebile kwi-flavonoid pigments.

Ukutya okuqukethe i-flavonoid pigments: i-pepper e-sweet, i-celery, i-anyanisi ebomvu, i-tea eluhlaza, i-citrus, iidiliya, i-buckwheat, njl.

4.IAnthocyanin

I-Anthocyanins: Ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo obalulekileyo "we-anti-oxidant", i-anthocyanins yaziwa kakhulu kwaye kuthiwa "igimmick" ziinkampani ezininzi. Zingaphezulu kwama-300 iintlobo ze-anthocyanins ezichongiwe, kubandakanywa iblue, purple, red kunye neorenji. Ezi pigments ziyanyibilika emanzini. I-Anthocyanins ingabonisa imibala eyahlukileyo njengoko i-pH itshintsha. Kufuneka ube namava afanayo xa upheka iklabishi (ebomvu) emanzini.

Ubume bemichiza ye-anthocyanins ayizinzile kakhulu, kwaye umbala uya kutshintsha ngokuqaqambileyo kunye nokutshintsha kwe-pH, ebomvu ngaphantsi kwe-7, imfusa kwi-8.5, i-violet-blue kwi-11, kunye ne-yellow, i-orenji okanye i-brown ngaphezu kwe-11. , ukukhanya okanye ukushisa okuphezulu kunokuguqula ukutya okunomxholo ophezulu we-anthocyanin kumdaka. Ukongeza, ukuguqulwa kombala okubangelwa kukudibana nentsimbi kufuneka kuphetshwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka xa kusenziwa.

I-Proanthocyanidins iyakwazi ukukhupha i-radicals yamahhala emzimbeni, inomsebenzi onamandla we-antioxidant, kwaye inokulawula ukhuseleko kwaye idlale indima echasene nomhlaza.

Ukutya okuqulethe i-anthocyanins: iitapile ezimfusa, irayisi emnyama, umbona omfusa, i-kale emfusa, isitshalo seqanda, i-perilla, iminqathe, iibhithi, njl.

Ngabantu abakhuthaza indalo, ukufuna impilo kunye nokhuseleko lokuqala iimfuno zengqondo, kunye nokungena kweTshayina kwi-WTO ejongene neemfuno zoqoqosho lwehlabathi, ukuphuhliswa kwemibala yendalo enokutyiwa ngokukhawuleza, ngokutsho kwezibalo, ukusuka kwi-1971 ukuya kwi-1981 ihlabathi. ipapashe amalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ali-126 lokufakwa kwemibala kokutya, apho i-87.5% yimibala yendalo etyiwayo.

Ngophuhliso loluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwemibala yendalo kuye kwaduma ngokuthe ngcembe kumashishini okutya kunye nezithambiso, kwaye iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ziye zaphucuka ngokuthe ngcembe, nto leyo eyenza ukuba imibala yendalo ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuhombisa ubomi.

Injongo yethu yeshishini "Yenza Ihlabathi Lonwabe ngakumbi kwaye Usempilweni”.

Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya lwezityalo, ungaqhagamshelana nathi ngexesha lembovane!!

Iimbekiselo: https://www.zhihu.com/