Xa kuthelekiswa nokutya kwezilwanyana, imibala yazo zonke iintlobo zemifuno neziqhamo ingaba nemibala emihle kwaye ibe ntle. Umbala oluhlaza okhanyayo webroccoli, umbala omfusa we-eggplant, umbala otyheli weminqathe, kunye nombala obomvu wepepile - kutheni le mifuno yahlukile? Yintoni echaza le mibala?

Iiphytochromes ziindibaniselwano zeentlobo ezimbini zeemolekyuli zepigment: iipigment zecytosolic ezinyibilikayo emanzini kunye neepigment zechloroplast ezinyibilikayo ngama-lipid. Imizekelo yazo iquka ii-anthocyanins, ii-flavonoids ezinika imibala kwiintyatyambo; kwezi zokugqibela, ii-carotenoids, ii-luteins kunye nee-chlorophylls zixhaphakile. Iipigment ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziyanyibilika kwi-ethanol kunye namanzi aqhelekileyo kodwa azinyibiliki kwezinye iikhompawundi ze-organic ezifana ne-ether kunye ne-chloroform. Iipigment ezinyibilikayo ngamanqatha kunzima ukuzinyibilikisa kwi-methanol, kodwa zinyibilika lula kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-ethanol kunye nezinye izinyibilikisi ze-organic. Xa zivezwe kwi-reagent ye-lead acetate, iipigment ezinyibilikayo emanzini ziya kuncipha kwaye zinokufunxwa yi-activated carbon; imibala iya kutshintsha ngokuxhomekeke kwi-pH.

1. I-Chlorophyll

I-Chlorophyll ifumaneka kakhulu kumagqabi, iziqhamo kunye ne-algae yezityalo eziphezulu, kwaye yinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-chloroplasts yezityalo, ekhoyo kunye neeproteni kwizinto eziphilayo.

I-Chlorophyll yi-tonic yegazi, ikhuthaza i-hematopoiesis, ivuselela iiseli, ivuselela iintsholongwane kunye nemiphumo yokulwa nokuvuvukala, njl. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, izazinzulu zifumanise ukuba i-chlorophyll inefuthe lokuthintela ukuveliswa kweeseli ze-ai.

Ukutya okuqulethe i-chlorophyll kuquka: i-kale, i-alfalfa sprouts, ilettuce, ispinatshi, ibroccoli, ilettuce, njl.

I-Chlorophyll ilawula umbala oluhlaza, iqela eliqhelekileyo lemibala elifumaneka phantse kuzo zonke iintlobo zezityalo. Abanye basenokuzibuza, kuthekani ngeminqathe? Kuthekani ngezi zithako ezibonakala ngathi azifani noluhlaza konke konke? Enyanisweni, iminqathe ikwaqulathe i-chlorophyll, engaphantsi, kodwa "eluhlaza" igqunywe "ngumthubi noorenji".

2. I-Carotenoid

IiCarotenoids ligama eliqhelekileyo lee-isomers ezahlukeneyo zee-carotenoids kunye neziphumo zazo ezifumaneka kwizityalo. Liqela lezinto ezinemibala ezifumaneka kakhulu kwindalo, kwaye zafunyanwa okokuqala kwiminqathe, yiyo loo nto zibizwa ngokuba zii-carotenoids.

Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukutya kakhulu ii-carotenoids zabantu kunokunciphisa isifo se-prostate esinxulumene nokuguga kunye nokuwohloka kwe-retinal macular relative. Ke ngoko, ii-carotenoids zendalo zivunyiwe yiSebe lezeMpilo ukuba zisetyenziswe njengokutya okulwa nemitha. Ii-carotenoids ezahlukeneyo zinezakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zeemolekyuli, kwaye ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ii-carotenoids ezingaphezu kwama-600 zazifunyenwe.

Ukutya okuqulethe ii-carotenoids: iminqathe, ithanga, iitumato, i-citrus, umbona, njl.

3. I-Flavonoid

Ii-flavonoid pigments, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-anthocyanins, nazo ziyi-pigments ezinyibilikayo emanzini. Ukusuka kwisakhiwo seekhemikhali, yinto ye-phenolic enyibilikayo emanzini. Ifumaneka kakhulu kubukumkani bezityalo, kuquka izinto ezahlukeneyo eziphuma kuzo, kwaye kufunyenwe amawaka eentlobo ngeentlobo. Ii-Flavonoids azifumaneki kwindalo njengee-monomers. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-flavonoids zikhona kwizityalo zeentsapho ezahlukeneyo, imiyalelo, uhlobo, kunye neentlobo; kwizitho ezahlukeneyo zezityalo ezifana nexolo, ingcambu, kunye neentyatyambo, kukho ii-flavonoids ezahlukeneyo. Phantse iintlobo ezingama-400 zifunyenwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezingenambala, zimthubi okhanyayo okanye zi-orenji eqaqambileyo, kwaye umbala wazo uchatshazelwa kakhulu yi-pH.

Njengombala wokutya wendalo, i-anthoxanthin ikhuselekile, ayinatyhefu, ityebile kwizixhobo, kwaye inefuthe elithile lesondlo kunye neyeza. Inamandla amakhulu okusetyenziswa ekutyeni, kwizinto zokuthambisa, nakumayeza.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, inani elikhulu leziphumo zophando ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zibonise ukuba ii-flavonoids zinamandla okulwa ne-oxidation, ukususa ii-free radicals, umsebenzi wokulwa ne-lipid peroxidation, ukuthintela izifo zentliziyo, ii-antibacterial, ii-antiviral, kunye ne-antiallergic. Imifuno, iziqhamo kunye neenkozo kubukumkani bezityalo zizityebi kwi-pigment ye-flavonoid.

Ukutya okuqulethe i-flavonoid pigments: iipepile ezimnandi, iseleri, itswele elibomvu, iti eluhlaza, i-citrus, iidiliya, i-buckwheat, njl.

4. I-Anthocyanin

IiAnthocyanins: Ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo obalulekileyo wokulwa ne-oxidant, iiAnthocyanins zaziwa kakhulu kwaye zithiwa “ziyindlela yokuzilungisa” ziinkampani ezininzi. Zingaphezulu kwama-300 iintlobo zeeAnthocyanins ezichongiweyo, kuquka oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, omfusa, obomvu noorenji. Ezi pigment zinyibilika emanzini. IiAnthocyanins zinokubonisa imibala eyahlukeneyo njengoko i-pH itshintsha. Kufuneka ube namava afanayo xa upheka ikhaphetshu (ebomvu) emanzini.

Uhlobo lweekhemikhali ze-anthocyanins aluzinzanga kakhulu, kwaye umbala uya kutshintsha kakhulu xa i-pH itshintsha, ebomvu ngaphantsi kwe-7, emfusa kwi-8.5, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kwi-11, kunye nomthubi, orenji okanye nokuba mdaka ngaphezulu kwe-11. Ioksijini, ukukhanya okanye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu anokuguqula ukutya okunomxholo ophezulu we-anthocyanin kube mdaka. Ukongeza, ukutshintsha kombala okubangelwa kukudibana nesinyithi kufuneka kuthintelwe kangangoko kunokwenzeka xa kusetyenzwa.

Iiproanthocyanidins ziyakwazi ukukhupha ii-free radicals emzimbeni, zinomsebenzi onamandla we-antioxidant, kwaye zinokulawula amajoni omzimba kwaye zidlale indima yokulwa nomhlaza.

Ukutya okuqulethe ii-anthocyanins: iitapile ezimfusa, irayisi emnyama, umbona omfusa, i-kale emfusa, i-eggplant, i-perilla, iminqathe, ii-beet, njl.

Njengoko abantu bexhasa indalo, ukuphishekela impilo nokhuseleko kuqala iimfuno zengqondo, kunye nokungena kweTshayina kwi-WTO ejongene neemfuno zoqoqosho lwehlabathi, uphuhliso lweemibala yendalo ezityiwayo ngokukhawuleza, ngokwezibalo, ukususela ngo-1971 ukuya ku-1981 ihlabathi lapapasha amalungelo obunikazi ali-126 okufaka imibala ekutyeni, apho ama-87.5% ayimibala yendalo etyiwayo.

Ngokuphuhla koluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokufaka imibala zendalo kuye kwathandwa kancinci kancinci kumashishini okutya kunye nezobuhle, kwaye iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo ziye zaphucuka kancinci kancinci, okwenza imibala yendalo ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuhombisa ubomi.

Injongo yethu yeshishini kukuba “"Yenza Ihlabathi Libe Nolonwabo Kwaye Libe Nempilo Engcono".

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluthe kratya ngezityalo, ungaqhagamshelana nathi ngexesha leembovane!!

Iireferensi: https://www.zhihu.com/